Global Scientific Community Urges World Leaders to Transform Research Into Policy Ahead of UN Ocean Conference

NICE, France—As world leaders prepare to attend the third U.N. Ocean Conference here next week, scientists are urging them to take action to combat a dual climate and biodiversity crisis plaguing marine ecosystems, and base their decisions on the best available science. 

To guide them, the International Scientific Committee of the One Ocean Science Congress unveiled a list of comprehensive recommendations for ocean recovery its members hope can be transformed into actionable policy. 

“We say, act where science is clear,” said François Houllier, a member of the committee and president and managing director of Ifremar, a French ocean research institute that co-organized the scientific summit. 

The 18-member committee spent the last year developing the list of recommendations and included insights from some of the 2,000 scientists in attendance at the four-day congress in the French Riviera.

“This is our responsibility to clearly tell what we know,” said Houllier.

The list of recommendations are organized around 10 topics that will be discussed during next week’s conference, which will be co-hosted by France and Costa Rica and bring together not only heads of state and government, but also financial institutions, NGOs, civil society groups, Indigenous peoples and philanthropists. 

The main objective of the summit will be to implement one of the U.N.’s 17 sustainable development goals—Goal 14 or Life Below Water—aimed at managing the conservation and sustainable use of oceans, marine biodiversity and resources. 

Historically, many scientists at the congress said, this goal has been overlooked and underfunded. On average, nations dedicate less than 2 percent of their research budgets to ocean science, which is significantly less than what they spend on other areas of research, according to UNESCO.  

But they’re paying the price.

The global ocean is warming at an alarming rate. Coral reefs, which support more than 25 percent of all marine life, are bleaching en masse due to repeated and long-lasting marine heatwaves.

Overfishing and illegal fishing are contributing to fish stock declines, particularly in some of the most populated parts of the world that depend on seafood as a main source of protein. As temperatures continue to rise, so do sea levels and the intensity of more frequent catastrophic storms. 

“You cannot deal with the crisis of the climate without also dealing with the crisis of the ocean and vice versa,”said John Kerry, the former U.S. secretary of state, during a live-streamed video speech he gave Thursday to scientists.

The ten recommendations made by the congress address both. Some reiterate what scientists have been calling for for decades— a “strong and urgent phase out of fossil fuel use” in order to achieve the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement, for instance.

Efforts to end marine plastic pollution entangling sea turtles, whales and other marine species must be made by investing in new technologies that can produce alternatives to plastic. Recently, some companies have begun to use seaweed for such purposes, said Houllier.

Likewise, governments should end illicit, unreported and unregulated fishing by eliminating harmful government subsidies that incentivise overfishing in international waters.

“Many nations are subsidizing the fishing industry, which leads to too large a number of boats,” said Jean-Pierre Gattuso, an oceanographer and research director of the National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), a French organization that co-organized the congress with Ifremar. He is also a member of the scientific committee that developed the recommendations. While the fishing industry has grown significantly since 1950, he said, “there is no increase in the amount of fish that is available.”

The first recommendation promotes a newer and more inclusive marine conservation approach by encouraging a shift from humanity’s extractive relationship with the sea to one that promotes “responsibility, respect and reverence,” according to the first recommendation titled “Inspiring Ocean Stewardship.” 

Inspiring Ocean Stewardship

To do this, the list of recommendations recognizes the importance of integrating Indigenous and other traditional knowledge systems in marine policy and encouraging their collaboration with scientists. It also recognizes the intrinsic rights of marine life and states: “We advocate for legal personhood initiatives for marine ecosystems to advance conservation and raise awareness.” 

Other recommendations promote a precautionary and equitable approach to utilizing marine resources. The fourth recommendation asks leaders to pause harmful activities in the deep ocean such as oil and gas extraction, deep sea mining and destructive fishing practices like bottom trawling. Instead, it suggests more robust efforts be made to understand deep ecosystems better through vigorous research in this largely unexplored realm. 

Proceeding With Caution

The second recommendation aimed at promoting safe and equitable ocean-based climate solutions encourages decision makers to explore marine carbon dioxide removal from the ocean with caution. 

“It is a hot topic because there is an urgency to decrease the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere,” said Gatusso. “All eyes are turning to the ocean,” as sequestration of carbon on land proves difficult.

Capturing and storing carbon dioxide in the ocean relies on various techniques, including cultivating or sinking seaweed, ocean alkalinity enhancement and nutrient fertilization. Some estimates, according to the World Resources Institute, show that billions of tons of carbon could be stored in the ocean each year by midcentury. “There are also some risks,” said Houllier. “Here we say, please let us continue to do research before taking decisions that could be harmful.”